Which of the following is categorized as a non-state actor threatening DoD cyberspace?

The identification of criminal groups as a non-state actor threatening the Department of Defense (DoD) in cyberspace is based on their operational structure and motivation. Non-state actors are entities that are not formally affiliated with any government and operate independently. Criminal groups engage in activities such as hacking, data theft, ransomware, and various forms of cybercrime that can disrupt national security, financial systems, and critical infrastructure.

Criminal groups do not represent a state’s interests or operate under state authority, which distinguishes them from government organizations and military units. Their goals are often profit-driven rather than politically motivated, though their acts can significantly impact government agencies and defense mechanisms. These groups exploit vulnerabilities in cyberspace to achieve their objectives, making them a persistent threat.

In contrast, government organizations, foreign intelligence services, and military units are all state actors with legal authority and responsibilities tied to national agendas, which is why they do not fit the classification of non-state actors in the context of cyber threats.